Health disparities refer to differences in health and disease distribution that adversely impact a socially, economically, or geographically disadvantaged population in comparison with a reference population. Disparities are widespread, large, and persistent in the incidence and prevalence of disease, well-being, quality of life, and mortality. Health disparities prevent all people from attaining their highest level of health and are influenced by differences in the distribution of risks, obstacles, resources, and opportunities at multiple levels and across multiple sectors. Reducing and ultimately eliminating health disparities requires addressing all of the factors that shape and perpetuate them and ensuring research innovations reach all people.
Research developed using this lens must, at a foundational level, incorporate a focus on a health disparity. This focus includes but is not limited to science that examines the contributing factors, pathways, and mechanisms underlying differences in health outcomes. This focus also includes intervention research using experimental or quasi-experimental study designs that investigate innovative strategies to address drivers of a health disparity, or rigorously evaluate the impact of existing programs (e.g., demonstration projects) to understand their impact on a health disparity.
Of particular interest are studies that rigorously assess and address social determinants of health (SDOH) as principal drivers of variations in health outcomes. To accelerate progress, not only must there be a comprehensive understanding of the contributing factors, but also sustained solutions to address them. Also of particular interest are studies that meaningfully engage communities that are experiencing health disparities--amplifying community voices and influence, leveraging community strengths, and sharing decision-making and resources with communities to promote health gains. These research partnerships should ensure that communities are involved throughout the research process, from idea generation to results dissemination.